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美國PAIR Technologies
美國PAIR技術公司開發一種新型傳感器“平面陣列紅外線光譜儀”，它可以在較低濃度下在液體和氣體中識別生物和化學因子，檢測時間低于1秒。新的光譜譜儀沒有移動部件，依靠焦平面陣列(FPA)探測器。

　　“這是現有的技術的一個良好的替代技術，”該技術的創始人之一大通布魯斯博士說，“該儀器沒有移動部件，輕巧耐用，體積小，便于攜帶，可以隨身攜帶它到牙醫辦公室。“

　　目前的檢測技術是基于傅立葉變換紅外(FT - IR光譜)光譜法，需要數十分鐘的化學分子指紋識別。一傅立葉變換紅外光譜法(FTIR)是一種重要的分析測試手段。近年來,儀器聯用等新技術的不斷發展,使FTIR的應用范圍日益廣泛,成為鑒別未知污染物和環境監測的重要工具。
研究發現，高精度聲譜儀能夠早期檢測疾病、化學武器和環境污染物。

Planar array IR (PA-IR) is a patented technology licensed from the University of Delaware that uses a variety of dispersive elements to separate and display the individual wavelength components from a standard IR continuum light source onto the pixels of a focal plane array (FPA) (e.g., a 256 x 256 MCT) detector. The detected image can be immediately converted to a spectrum by either plotting intensity versus pixel location for a single row or by first co-averaging ("binning") a number of rows before carrying out this operation. Since pixel location within a given row can be previously calibrated to a corresponding frequency range, no Fourier transformation of the data is necessary and spectral information is obtained directly.

Since the PA-IR instrument contains a slit, image curvature occurs but proprietary software has been incorporated so as to remove any frequency variations from row-to-row due to misalignment of the spectra caused by image curvature. Because the PA-IR instrument incorporates an ultrafast FPA, it is capable of obtaining an IR spectrum in less than 100 μsec integration times (using a LN2 cooled 256 x 256 MCT FPA). This enables a whole range of kinetics and dynamics experiments to be carried out that were previously inaccessible with standard FT-IR instruments.

How do PA-IR and FT-IR compare?

Fourier transform IR (FT-IR) instruments use a Michelson interferometer to divide the amplitude of the IR source into 2 beams, which reflect off both a fixed and a moving mirror respectively. When the beams are recombined they generate an interference pattern, which is detected by a single element detector as a variation in intensity as a function of the optical path difference between the two beams. This interferogram must then be Fourier transformed to produce a power spectrum of energy vs. frequency. Two separate experiments must be run: one with no sample in the beam (reference) and a second one with the sample in the beam (sample). During and between the two runs the sample chamber must be purged with N2 gas so as to displace the H2O vapor from the instrument.

The PA-IR instrument passes the IR source through a sample and then uses dispersive optics to break up the IR source into its individual components, which then all impinge on a focal plane array (FPA) detector simultaneously. This multifrequency approach eliminates the necessity of carrying out a Fourier transformation of the data. In addition, PA-IR has been designed in a true double beam configuration so as to take advantage of the large number of pixels available in the FPA. Hence both beams of the double beam instrument can be incident on the FPA simultaneously providing both a "sample" and "reference" spectrum simultaneously. Since the path lengths of each of the two beams is identical, the background H2O vapor can be compensated for directly thereby removing the need for purging. Since the FPA is capable of less than 100 μsec integration times, the current speed of the instrument is governed by the electronic readout time (acquisition time), which is already decreasing from its current value of 17ms. In the near future it is anticipated that with improvements in the readout electronics, the acquisition time will approach the integration time providing an IR spectrum in < 100 μsec. In addition because there are no moving parts in a PA-IR instrument compared to standard FT-IR instruments, the PA-IR instruments are rugged, portable and scaleable providing new opportunities for IR spectroscopy in process monitoring, chemical warfare detection and health care evaluation.

How do PA-IR and FT-IR imaging compare?

Both PA-IR and FT-IR imaging use a focal plane array (FPA) and provide a spatial image. In the latter, an interferogram is produced at each pixel, which in a 128x128 array translates into approximately 18,000 Fourier transforms that must be carried out. However the information obtained represents a 2-dimensional map of chemical variation over the spatial region investigated. The PA-IR image contains less information because it represents essentially only spatial data in 1-dimension since the other dimension represents the wavelength dimension. However because of its speed (integration times < 100 μsec), a PA-IR image can be used to record real time changes in chemical information in that 1-D direction.